Global Creativity & Media Agencies

[WEEK 10]


In business, marketing is one of the most important segment and by advertising, you will able to market your business. There are ones saying that you need to spend one million on advertising in order to sell your one dollar product. Many global company does that for instance, Pepsi company hired numerous football star which cost more than millions to film their one dollar sugar drink advertisement.

However, traditional advertising approach is no longer applicable in today world as people is expose to more and more media due to the development and advancement of technology. Therefore, media agency need to come out with creative advertising method to be effective and stay relevant in the market.

Below are some of the advertisement that got award.

Watch it~!
Be inspired~!
:)

Cool Mouse

Pepsi Max

Samsung

Funny Couple

Credit to : YouTube.

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Creativity in art design and multimedia

[WEEK 09]


Creativity in Art Design and Multimedia

Art is a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities. Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. Creativity refers to the invention or origination of any new thing that has value.



The Dadaism used scissors and glue rather than paintbrushes and paints to express their views of modern life through images presented by the media. A variation on the collage technique, photomontage utilized actual or reproductions of real photographs printed in the press. In Cologne, Max Ernst used images from World War I to illustrate messages of the destruction of war.
"DADA" was the name given to an "Anti-Art" movement that began in Zurich Switzerland in 1916.  It began in the chaotic and violent times during the first world war by exiled poets, dancers, artist and actors.  They were fleeing the meat grinding machine of war to the safe neutral mountain country of Switzerland. 



Example of Photomontage :

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Random Association

[WEEK 08]


This week we learn about "Random Association". Sometime we will have blockage when we want to be creativity.  Random Association can solve this problem. Random association is a creative technique whereby we use random words to solve problems. 

Using random association, we were to complete an exercise

on " How to make a person stop smoking in 6 months

time?".

Random words: Traffic light

COLOR -  Green  represent safe ,  Yellow  represent danger , Red  represent critical stage. That mean RED can inflict health damage. 

METAL - Make cigarette body by metal. People will stop smoking because the cigarette is too heavy and will feel hot when cigarette flame.

DUST - Make cigarette body full of dust. People will stop smoking because feel disgusting.

SIGN - Place death sign on cigarette body. People will feel scare and stop smoking. 

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Juxtaposition

[WEEK 07]

 What is juxtaposition?

Juxtaposition is an act or instance of placing close together or side by side, esp. for comparison or contrast. It is also the state of being close together or side by side. Basically it is a contrast or similarity shown through comparison.

Juxtaposition not only can use in image or photo. It also can be used in verbally or in text too. The two types of verbal and text analogy are metaphor, and similes.

Example:

Class Exercise 

1. Choose 3 pairs of numbers between 00-99
2. Refer to the image given and pair two words together according to the chosen number.
3. Make 3 sentences and draw the images.

I had chosen the number 21 (Lightning Water), 18 (Flower Wood),and 94 (Leave Mountain).

3 Sentences 

21 (Lightning Water) - Lightning strike the water 

18 (Flower Wood) - Flower grow on the wood 

94 (Leave Mountain) - Blue leave from mountain top.

How Merger Goes Wrong 

Lecture want us to use our creativity to merge the two animals together and the mergering process should goes wrong whereby the animal could not survive in such a way.

Here my drawing : 

A Poem to describe the concept of Man and woman based on Mortar & pestle

Many says men is pestle,
than woman is like mortar,
But woman should be pestle,
where man is their mortal.
Because just like the pestle,
when compared she is little.
Because just like the mortar,
provide direction like the pole-star.

Oh, I just so have mood to write another poem. Here you go:

At the end I have to agree that men is the pestle.
Just like the pestle is so hard that he never be gentle,
they never know woman is little and brittle.
Arguing with him is hard without the subtitle,
when he angry will blow like the hot kettle.
He never let woman use money like the water in the bottle,
they never understand a sad woman need everything in her castle.
Sometimes men are just like the turtle,
complaining women for her wrinkle.

After writing this I know I am in trouble.
But lecturer if you laugh reading this please give marks than is acceptable.
Thank you so much that you are very noble.

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Mortar & Pestle

[WEEK 6]

The mortar is a bowl, typically made of hard wood, ceramic or stone. The pestle is a heavy club-shaped object, the end of which is used for crushing and grinding. The substance to be ground is placed in the mortar and ground, crushed or mixed with the pestle. Sometimes referred to as an "Apothecary Grinder" by individuals unfamiliar with its use, the proper historical name is "mortar and pestle". The mortar and pestle is usually utilized when cooking and when crushing ingredients for a certain drug in pharmacies. It can also be used in masonry and other types of construction where the mortar and pestle is needed.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle)

This week, we do a mind map about mortal and pestle. Mind map is divided into logical and associated mind map.

Logical Mind Map is directly connected to stereotypes. The Logical mind map comprises of solely stereotype words. Which means that every word or image that is put within the mind map is directly related to the central subject through its links.

Associated Mind Map, using an associated mind map we are able to generate random words and also show the links between words that seemingly have no connection.

Class Exercise  
Lecture need us to create different purpose of mortal and pestle. 

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Invention-Innovation

[Week 5]

- Invention-Innovation (The one with all the inventions that never really made it)

> http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/tech/article/japans-gadget-failures-the-futures-that-never-happened/ 
> http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20400239 

From the article I have read, it mention about the process of Japan of becoming a country that symbolize innovation in electrical consumer product. Back in the 20th century, names like Sony, Sharp, Panasonic and Toshiba is the most hear in all the household. There hard-working and not afraid of failure spirit has lead them into a gaint industrial country despite after being nuke by the Allies during worldwar 2.

However, during the process of innovation and creating new invention there are many trial and error happened. "Walkng Toaster" and "TV shaped radio" is one of the top failure at that time. These two invention is twice the price of convention product. Besides, it doesn't really serve other purpose other than the convention usage. Hence, it become a failure product. But yes, only with this failure product, Japanese company will learn such approach doesn't worked at that particular of time.

Do those invention failed because lack of innovation? Or do them actually failed because not trying hard enough. Take a closer look at recent invention and innovation on our daily life. Yes, smartphone and you can guess I am going to say that. "Phablet" is a totally new line of invention result of innovation from phone manufacturer. "Phablet" is just oversized smartphone which size range around 5" to 7" inch where people said hybrid of smartphone and tablet. Before this, phone manufacturer have used more than a decade to make their phone shrink smaller and smaller, one guy in the market just decide to go the other way round. Everyone would be thinking that this is so uncool to have "brick" on their face at first but now Samsung the South Korea electrical consumer company's Galaxy Notes 2 phablet sold more than 5 million worldwide makes it become the largest phone manufacturer in the world. 

But do you know that the 1st "phablet" is sell by Dell with the product name Dell Streak? One more thing that you should know is Dell Streak is one of Dell's  failure product as Dell stopped selling them less than a year after it launch during mid of 2010 because of losses made by it. So do Dell Streak fail because of it value? Or does it not trying hard enough to market its device just like Samsung did a few month after Dell pulling off Dell Streak. Well, this is up to your discussion.

Invention is not innovation!!! 
Two different Etymologies
Even if the two words Invention and Innovation sound alike, they actually don’t share the same etymological Latin root:
• Invention is coming from “invenire” that means “find” or “discover”.
• Innovation is coming form “novus” that means “new”.


Two different meanings
In addition of not sharing the same root, Innovation and Invention have different meaning.
• Invention: new configuration, composition of matter, device, or process. Some inventions are based on pre-existing models or ideas and others are radical breakthroughs. Inventions can extend the boundaries of human knowledge or experience (Wikipedia).
• Innovation: An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (goods or services) or process, a new marketing method or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations (Oslo Manual).


Innovation is not inventing, it is action
“Invention is the first occurrence of an idea for a new product or process, while innovation is the first attempt to carry it out into practice.”
Jan Fagerberg










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Mind Mapping

[WEEK 5]


This week lecture introduced us about mind-mapping. Mind map is a graphical way to represent ideas and concepts. A mind map is often created around a single word or text, placed in the center, to which associated ideas, words and concepts are added. Major categories radiate from a central node, and lesser categories are sub-branches of larger branches.Categories can represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items related to a central key word or idea.

Example of Mind Map :

Mind Map can be used for:

• Note taking
• Brainstorming (individually or in groups)
• Problem solving
• Studying and memorization
• Planning
• Researching and consolidating information from multiple sources
• Presenting information
• Gaining insight on complex subjects
• Jogging your creativity

How to Draw a Mind Map

Drawing a mind map is as simple as 1-2-3:
• Start in the middle of a blank page, writing or drawing the idea you intend to develop. I would suggest that you use the page in landscape orientation.
• Develop the related subtopics around this central topic, connecting each of them to the center with a line.
• Repeat the same process for the subtopics, generating lower-level subtopics as you see fit, connecting each of those to the corresponding subtopic.
Some more recommendations:
• Use colors, drawings and symbols copiously. Be as visual as you can, and your brain will thank you. I’ve met many people who don’t even try, with the excuse they’re "not artists". Don’t let that keep you from trying it out!.
• Keep the topics labels as short as possible, keeping them to a single word – or, better yet, to only a picture. Especially in your first mind maps, the temptation to write a complete phrase is enormous, but always look for opportunities to shorten it to a single word or figure – your mind map will be much more effective that way.
• Vary text size, color and alignment. Vary the thickness and length of the lines. Provide as many visual cues as you can to emphasize important points. Every little bit helps engaging your brain.

Here is a Mind Map of Myself  

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Historical examination of creativity

[ WEEK 4 ]

- Historical examination of creativity
> What TRAITS made them creative?
> What ENVIRONMENTAL conditions existed?
> What was the PROCESS of creativity?






"Creativity is the engine that drives cultural evolution." -M. Csikszentmihalyi in Handbook of Creativity, Robert J. Sternberg (ed.), 1999, 320.

"There are indeed certain instances in which social/cultural realities largely determine the possibility or lack of possibility for developing creativity in a given field." -D. H. Feldman in Handbook of Creativity, Robert J. Sternberg (ed.), 1999, 179.

Above is the saying mention that creativity is already long exist in the society. Where this week of blog I am going to study the creativity back in history. Yellow River civilization is one of the remarkable strong in invention in the history.


What TRAITS made them creative?

It is well known that China has an ancient and glorious history, from the feudal periods ending in 222 BC through the three Imperial and Intermediate Eras, up to the Modern era – over 4000 years of dynastic reigns. It may also be well known that China is the source of many wonderful and useful inventions from spaghetti to gunpowder. This list, however, will take a slightly different slant of the topic: Chinese inventions and developments that were not known to or adopted by the Western (European) world for many decades and sometimes centuries after they were common place in China. Some you may be familiar with, others perhaps less so.

1. Row Planting
Feudal Period – 6 Century BC




The Chinese started planting crops in rows sometime in the 6th century BC. This technique allows the crops to grow faster and stronger. It facilitates more efficient planting, watering, weeding and harvesting. There is also documentation that they realized that as the wind travels over rows of plants there is less damage. This obvious development was not instituted in the western world for another 2200 years. Master Lu wrote in the “Spring and Autumn Annals”: ‘If the crops are grown in rows they will mature rapidly because they will not interfere with each other’s growth. The horizontal rows must be well drawn, the vertical rows made with skill, for if the lines are straight the wind will pass gently through.’ This text was compiled around 240 BC.

2. Compass
Feudal period – 4th Cent BC




The Chinese developed a lodestone compass to indicate direction sometime in the 4th century BC. These compasses were south pointing and were primarily used on land as divination tools and direct finders. Written in the 4th Century BC, in the Book of the Devil Valley Master it is written: “lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it”. The spoons were made from lodestone, while the plates were of bronze. Thermo-remanence needles were being produced for mariners by the year 1040, with common use recorded by 1119. Thermo-remanence technology, still in use today, was ‘discovered’ by William Gilbert in about 1600.

3. The Seed Drill
Han Dynasty: circa 202 BC – 220 AD




The Seed Drill is used to plant seeds into the soil at a uniform depth and covers it. Without this tool seeds are tossed by hand over the ground resulting in waste and inefficient, uneven growth. Chinese farmers were using seed drills as early as the 2nd Century BC. The first known European instance was a patent issued to Camillo Torello in 1566, but was not adopted by Europeans into general use until the mid 1800’s.

4. Iron Plows
Han Dynasty: circa 202 BC – 220 AD




One of the major developments of the ancient Chinese agriculture was the use of the iron moldboard plows. Though probably first developed in the 4th century BC and promoted by the central government, they were popular and common by the Han Dynasty. (So I am using the more conservative date). A major invention was the adjustable strut which, by altering the distance of the blade and the beam, could precisely set the depth of the plow. This technology was not instituted into England and Holland until the 17th century, sparking an abundance of food which some experts say was a necessary prerequisite for the industrial revolution.

5. Deep Drilling
Han Dynasty: circa 202 BC – 220 AD




By the first century BC the Chinese had developed the technology for deep drilling boreholes. Some of these reached depths of 4800 feet (about 1.5 km). They used technology that would be easily recognizable to a modern engineer and lay person alike. Derricks would rise as much as 180 feet above the borehole. They stacked rocks with center holes (tube or doughnut shaped) from the surface to the deep stone layer as a guide for their drills (similar to today’s guide tubes). With hemp ropes and bamboo cables reaching deep into the ground, they employed cast iron drills to reach the natural gas they used as a fuel to evaporate water from brine to produce salt. The natural gas was carried via bamboo pipes to where it was needed. There is also some evidence that the gas was used for light. While I could not find exactly when deep drilling was first used by the Europeans, I did not find any evidence prior to the early industrial revolution (mid 18th century). In the United States, the first recorded deep drill was in West Virginia in the 1820’s.


6. Ship’s Rudder
Han Dynasty: circa 202 BC – 220 AD




Chinese naval developments occurred far earlier than similar western technology. The first recorded use of rudder technology in the West was in 1180. Chinese pottery models of sophisticated slung axial rudders (enabling the rudder to be lifted in shallow waters) dating from the 1st century have been found. Early rudder technology (c 100 AD) also included the easier to use balanced rudder (where part of the blade was in front of the steering post), first adopted by England in 1843 – some 1700 years later. In another naval development, fenestrated rudders were common on Chinese ships by the 13th century which were not introduced to the west until 1901. Fenestration is the adding of holes to the rudder where it does not affect the steering, yet make the rudder easy to turn. This innovation finally enabled European torpedo boats to use their rudders while traveling at high speed (about 30 knots).

7. Harness for Horses
Age of Division; circa 220 – 581 AD




Throat harnesses have been used throughout the world to harness horses to carts and sleds. These harnesses press back on the neck of the horse thus limiting the full strength of the animal. In the late feudal period (4th Century BC) there is pictorial evidence (from the Chinese state of Chu) of a horse with a wooden chest yoke. By the late Han Dynasty the yoke was made from softer straps and was used throughout the country. By the 5Th century, the horse collar (pictured above), which allows the horse to push with its shoulders, was developed. This critical invention was introduced into Europe approximately by 970 and became widespread within 200 years. Because of the greater speed of horses over oxen, as well as greater endurance, agricultural output throughout Europe increased significantly.

8. Porcelain
Sui Dynasty: 581 – 618 AD




Porcelain is a very specific kind of ceramic produced by the extreme temperatures of a kiln. The materials fuse and form a glass and mineral compound known for its strength, translucence and beauty. Invented during the Sui Dynasty (but possibly earlier) and perfected during the Tang Dynasty (618-906), most notably by Tao-Yue (c. 608 – c. 676), Chinese porcelain was highly prized throughout the world. The porcelain of Tao-Yue used a ‘white clay’ that was found on the edge of the Yangtze River, where he lived. By the time of the Sung Dynasty (960-1279) the art of porcelain had reached its peak. In 1708 the German Physicist Tschirnhausen invented European porcelain, thus ending the Chinese monopoly. The picture above is a teabowl with black glaze and leaf pattern from the Southern Sung Dynasty (1127-1279).

9. Toilet Paper
Sui Dynasty: 581 – 618 AD




As noted above, paper was an early invention of China. One of the first recorded accounts of using hygienic paper was during the Sui Dynasty in 589. In 851 an Arab traveler reported (with some amazement) that the Chinese used paper in place of water to cleanse themselves. By the late 1300’s, approximately 720,000 sheets per year was produced in packages of 1,000 to 10,000 sheets. In colonial times in America (late 1700’s) it was still common to use corn-cobs or leaves. Commercial toilet paper was not introduced until the 1857 and at least one early advertiser noted that their product was ‘splinter free’ – something quite far from today’s ‘ultra-soft’. One rather odd piece of trivia I picked up during my research is that the Romans used a sponge tied to the end of a stick – which may have been the origin of the expression “to grab the wrong end of the stick”.

10. Printing – movable type
Song Dynasty: 960 – 1279 AD




That paper was invented by the Chinese is well known (by Cai Lun c 50-121 AD), and it is one of the great Chinese inventions. The recipe for this paper still exists and can be followed by today’s artisans. In 868 the first printed book, using full page woodcuts, was produced. About 100 years later the innovations of Bi Sheng, pictured above, (990-1051) were described. Using clay fired characters he made re-usable type and developed typesetting techniques. Though used successfully to produce books, his technology was not perfected until 1298. By contrast, Gutenberg’s bibles – the first European book printed with movable type – were printed in the 1450’s. Interestingly, the Chinese did not start using metal type until the 1490’s.

Source: listverse.com/2009/04/18/10-great-ancient-chinese-inventions

What ENVIRONMENTAL conditions existed?

Most of the civilization that has growth is situated by the river valley as it provide basic necessity such as food(fish) and water. From there, they can begin their agriculture which is the key point of modernize an ancient civilization .

The Huang He (yellow) river stretches across China for more than 2,900 miles. It carries its rich yellow silt all the way from Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean. Also the Chang Jiang river or Yangtze river is longer, stretching about 3,400 miles across central china. The two major rivers both merge together to create a great food-producing area. Although China has to major rivers running through it only 10% of its land is fertile and has rich enough soil to grow crops unlike the 19% by the United States. Also another negative is that China is surrounded by mountain ranges and river valleys, which make it hard for people to travel and trade their crops and live stocks, so they have to mostly rely on their food.

What was the PROCESS of creativity?

With the civilizations now began popping up in unsurprising locations - river valleys. These river valleys provided people with fertile soil due to their floods. These floods, combined with the new-found knowledge of farming and animal domestication, allowed for a stable food supply and so the yellow river people settled down around these rivers. As these people lived together in one spot civilizations arose, which often shared theses common characteristics:

•  Advanced technical skills - Sometime around 3000 BC, the yellow river peoples around these river valleys learned how to make and use bronze tools and weapons. This in part allowed these peoples to construct permanent shelters and homes since they no longer were nomads, following their food source and looking for caves as shelter.
•  A form of government - The floods that helped to provide the fertile soil for survival also posed a problem. The floods were sometimes massive and could wipe out an entire village if uncontrolled and farmers needed to get water to their fields during the dry season. As a result an irrigation system (dikes and canals) was necessary to control these waters. The construction of these projects required organization and cooperation among the Neolithic people on a massive scaled. So governments probably developed to direct these projects and to provide rules by which to live.
•  A division of labor - As agricultural productivity increased, fewer people were needed to work in the fields producing food (much like the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century in England). These "extra" people who weren't needed to farm could then become artisans, or merchants or traders and production of all sorts was able to increase thereby providing a better standard of living for all.
•  A calendar - Calendars were created out of the need to predict and know when the floods would arrive. Most of these early calendars were based on the cycle of the moon.
•  A form of writing - Writing systems developed to keep records, put down rules, and to pass on complex instructions (maybe for irrigation) to future generations.

Every early civilization has its end and this also marked the end of the creativity of the yellow river civilization.
The yellow river civilization were surrounded by mountains and the Gobi desert and as a result were very isolated from other civilizations and cultures. As a result of this isolation the Chinese developed an ethnocentric mode of thinking. In the end, the growth of the creativity stopped when it reach its peak due to isolated with other civilization.

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CS Blog Topics Week 3

CS Blog Topics Week 3 :

1. Visit the http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/tech/article/the-pc-is-dead-long-live-the-tablet/ 

What does it tell us about the process of invention and innovation? 

2. And this one http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20071644. Ask yourself what kind of environment, situation etc., would make you to become a creative/inventive/innovative person?

Open discussion and expression! write, sing, draw, make image...

1. In deed that tablet will surpassed the number of desktop in near future. From the battle of gadgets, we can see that there will be new invention coming everyday. But if you stop to innovate, you will be left behind your competitor.

For example, PC is a great invention and no one doubt it. Everyone will have think the same that PC will dominate everyone's home back in the 90s. But, invention is just coming out rapidly, smartphone, tablet, touchscreen and etc.  PC is not able to innovate fast enough and has let the new invention of tablet to takes it marketshare as the world most use platform. Now, people in the future might not even have use a PC before if they were born in this era. If tablet is not able to have new innovation, I will not be surprise if new invention is going to takes it place in the future.

2. Since it is open discussion, before I ask myself what kind of environment, situation etc., would make you to become a creative/inventive/innovative person I would like to ask my lecturer what makes you think that creative, inventive and innovative is linked? And how does the link given is related to this question?

I see no reason why a non-creative person can't invent and why a inventor must be innovative?

In my opinion, in order to be creative, you don't need any specific environment or situation. Is either you born with it or you just imitate others creativity.

From the BBC article, it seems like invention happen whenever a person try to solve problem. To solve such problem , inventor have a problem solving mindset to invent the solution. For example, in order to learn from mistake in air crash he must have all the information before the crash happen. In order to do that, a blackbox is invented to collect information of the flight and event occur during the flight. Hence, problem solved.

Innovation is what it takes to bring your invention to the audience. It is not provided by any kind of environment or situation but is up to the inventor does he want or not? Do he have the business mindset to put up the strategic to innovate  a new value for his invention.

Week 2 (29/10/2012) TED TALKS By Sir Ken Robinson: Do schools kill creativity?

Week 2 (29/10/2012) 

5 words associated to " Creativity "
- Drawing 
- Dream
- Imagination
- Inspire 
- Exploration 

5 words not associated to " Creativity "
- Boring 
- Reality
- Static
- Routine
- Law

Respond and reflect to the Ken Robinson 2006 Ted Talk episode on creativity education and intelligence. You can find the link at the reference note of Lecture notes for Week 2.



It is indeed that our education has ripped down our ability to be creative.
Even our prestigious Multimedia University Creative Multimedia faculty course is using the convention marks and grading system to limit our freedom to express our original idea.

For a quick example, what would my lecturers Creative Study would do if I honestly write down my original idea? 
My original respond and reflect is that I don't understand a s**t that what Ken Robinson is talking about. His British accent is too strong and the speed of his speech is just like Japan's Bullet train traveling from Nasu-shiobara to Utsunomiya. The wide range of vocabulary usage makes everything even worst. Even though I been watching this for several times the only thing I perfectly understand from his presentation is when he greet the audience with "Good Morning. How are you?". I believe that I am not the only one who felt this way. I would appreciate that our next study material would not be limited by language and culture barrier.
As you have read my above statement, be truth and tell yourself what you would rate me?

But you know what, I am one of the victim of the public education as well. Fearing of not passing and thus not getting a PTPTN loan, I "hired" someone to translate the whole presentation to me and even ask him to highlight some important points that is related and required to answer this week task.

But after hearing the inspiring translation(I would call this as inspiring translation rather inspiring speech from Ken because I am not sure he added his own opinion or just a pure speech to speech translation) from him an idea struck into my mind (as always, therefore I consider myself as one of the most creative I ever meet in my lifetime). The idea of using myself as a case study to demonstrate that "School Kills Creativity"~!!!

If I would use my original idea as the answer for this week task will I be given an A? How if  I discussed it in a more controversial way? Will I be given enough freedom for the next task? My little demonstration here already proved that there is flaw in our education system. Without enough freedom or scare of losing mark in the task will discourage the use of our creativity in completing the task. The current education system makes it so hard to practice our creativity due to the reason of fear of getting bad grade. And why does getting a bad grade is a bad thing in the first place? As what Ken had said, if we don't grow in it(creativity), we will grow out of it(creativity). In my view, if one's freedom of expression is taken away, so does his creativity. 

So does that make sense that you guys is hijacking the student creativity? But I don't put the blame on the lecturer, they are trained to do so. So blame the public education quoted Ken Robinson.

Reflection?
After being realize that my 12 years of education is a flaw, I would gather all MMU-ian and held a 10 days demostration infront of FCM to abolish the CGPA system and let the student to study whatever they want, whenever they want and how ever they want!
Nah, just joking, probably not. As I am still a slave to the PTPTN (damn the education system).
Sorry for being creative. =p